Romulo, L. (2019). Page 151-152. Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan; Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan; Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset, Diwata katamyan: invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot-dry winds are needed, Salakap: the spirits of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds; initially were humans who were forced, thru a discriminatory decree or through their comrade's trick, to consume either the feces or flesh of a dead human, which turned them into Salakap, Tumungkuyan: leaders of the Salakap who paint tree trunks the support the sky using the blood of the epidemic-dead, Sumurutun: captain of the outrigger which transports the dead to Kiyabusan, Lumalayag: warriors who challenge and fight the Salakap, Tandayag: a deity who lives in Kiyabusan; sent by the supreme deity to live with the Salakap in order to prevent them from sailing except during the northeast winds, as per an agreement between the Salakap and the supreme deity, Taliyakud: chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks; asks the souls of the dead questions, where the soul's louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully; if the soul is wicked, it is pitched and burned, but if it is good, it passes on to a happier place with abundant food, Diwata: general term for deities; they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire, the flint-like stones, iron, and tinder, as well as rice and most importantly, rice-wine, which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their dead, God of Animals: the deity of animals who allowed the creatures to speak but forbade them from dancing; when a king heard of an island filled with dogs, he ordered a captain to get some of them; the captain ordered the dogs which they did, angering the god of animals who struck their ship with lightning, killing the captain and turning the dogs and ship into an island called Tagbayanga, which now protects the town of Pilar from strong winds and waves, Mount Diwata Deities: a group of deities (diwata) at the Diwata Mountains, whose privacy was subjugated by the noise created by the hornbills (kalaw); the oldest among them used her wooden staff and tapped in on the ground three times, which made their home flew up and became the island of Camiguin; a crater was left, which became Lake Mainit, Pikit Octopus: a small octopus at the Pikit river who was raised by the fivider Sario, until grew massive; inflicted illness to anyone who it has stung; when Sario died, the octopus left the river, Rizal: a culture-hero who in the future, will return to aid his people in their struggle, Sario: a diviner who raised the giant octopus in the Pikit river, Tahaw: supreme deity who is give prayers of supplications and petitions, True: deity of the forest and herder of hunting animals. However, if you see its tail first, then bad luck will befall a friend. Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. 3: The Horn Motif in Mythology and Folklore with Special Reference to the Philippines. WebThe mayura named Citramekhala is associated with Saraswati, a deity representing benevolence, patience, kindness, compassion and knowledge. Cole,M. Reyes y Florentino, Isabelo de los. Weavers of Peace: The Higaonon Tribe in the Philippines. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Nanzan University. Historical and Cultural Data of Provinces. 4, Special Issue: Cebuano Literary Studies: Double Marginalization and Speaking Back: A Reading of Three Post-Colonial Texts. Fansler, D. S. (1921). Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. (2017). Jesus, Pablo de (1580). University of San Carlos. Aguilar, C. G. (1994). La Solidaridad, Volume 6. Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu; Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person, Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra, Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children, Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna. Sepa was usually depicted as mummy with the two antenna of a centipede. Cruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). Mallari, J. C. (2009). Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics. (1977). An Introduction to the Kapampngan Language; Interview on Lw. 400401, Re-written in "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology" by Damiana L. Eugenio. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The Philippine Archipelago: A Tropical Archipelago. Balancing the Spiritual and Physical Worlds: Memory, Responsibility, and Survival in the Rituals of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau laut) in Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. UTP Journals. C.G. Brighid is a protector of hearth and home, and Juno and Vesta are both patronesses of marriage. Kikuchi, Y. Global ICCA Database: Igmalengen sacred forests of Portulin, Mindanao, Philippines. National Library of the Philippines. Hares: If a hare crosses your path, it's bad luck. (1983). "Sibod in Binanog: Understanding the Binanog Tradition of the Panay Bukidnon in Western Visayas." University of the Philippines Press, 1993. When the LordJesus Christwas currently hanging on the cross, they came to be baptized, but it did not happen because at that time our Lord Jesus breathed his last. Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, 15651615 (Spanish Edition): Bilingual ed edition. Gugurang: the supreme god; causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased; cut Mt. Southeast of Zamboanga. Vanoverbergh, M. (1941). Tiongson, N. G., Barrios, J. Cayat, G. C. Manuscript on Kalanguya Cultural Communities. She sometimes acted as a judge in human affairs. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal, Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal, Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal, Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone, Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wanted to continue controlling the people so he wished for horns to frighten them; his wish backfired, with the people withdrawing their support, which later led to his death, Magwala: also called Magdili, the supreme spirit, Abog: chief herdsman of wild pigs and deer; the daga or diwata ritual is offered to invite the herdsmen spirits, headed by Abog, Spirits of the Forest: the first-fruits sacrifices of the hunt are offered to them through bits of meat, which would bring good luck to the people, Taglugar: also called Tagapuyo; spirits inhabiting certain places, Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son, Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler, Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo and an excellent negotiator; came from a commoner family. Religious Tourism in Asia: Tradition and Change Through Case Studies and Narratives. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. p. 52. Boxer Codex: Edicin moderna. There are over a hundred distinct pantheons in the Philippines. Scutigera coleoptrata: This is commonly referred to as the house centipede. (1984). Two bright and positive crow-related deities are Bran Vendigeit (Bran the Blessed) and his sister Branwen (White Crow). Page 13. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your device and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. University of the Philippines Press, 2014. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Page 361. Colin, Francisco (1663). Casal, G. (1986). Ilongot Life and Legends. McFarland, 2016. "Western Visayan Verbal Lore." The female sometimes eats her male partner after they mate, so many people associate the praying mantis with aggressive sexual power. Philippine Studies: Vol. You may change your settings at any time. (1977). Arnaiz, V. C. (2014). University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. p. 52. 3, No. dayton leroy rogers family. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. University,University of Manila (1958). Mama Guayen: a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth; Sumpoy: god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain, Sisiburanen: the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead, Mangalos: the spirits who eat the insides of children; takes away young lives, Hangin: the spirits of the death wind; takes the life of the elderly, Sitaho: also called Sibo Malabag; the god of the early migrants from Borneo, Estrella Bangotbanwa: deified shaman from the 19th century, Canla and Ona: the couple hidden under a clod of earth thrown down by the god Lalaon as punishment to the people who showed malice towards the couple; said to go forth onto the world only after the people become good and envy in the world disappear, Hari-sa-Boqued: an emissary of Canla and Ona; Mount Canlaon is said to burst whenever word has been sent from Canla and Ona to Hair-sa-Baqued, asking if the people have become good and envy is no longer in this world; in other versions, he is also a king of a prosperous kingdom, where his followers are humans, but in one case, he also has loyal dwarfs as followers; disallowed the people from planting tobacco near the summit, but was disobeyed, resulting in an eruption, Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family, Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea, Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay, Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao, Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan, Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan, Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik, Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong, Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people; he wished for horns to frighten his constituents, which instead led to the people withdrawing their support; died while still wanting to keep his power, Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros, Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illnesses; lives in, Bangutbanwa: ensures good harvests and an orderly universe, Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons; punishes enemies, Soliran: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies, Solian: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies, Tungkung Langit: the god of the sky who brings famine, drought, storms, and floods, Lulid-Batang: the god of the earth, responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Linting Habughabug: the god of lightning, whose look kills people and who shouts in anger, Launsina: the goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her, Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan: the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich, Saragnayan: the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness, Lubay-lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk-huyukun: the goddess of the evening breeze; cools people, especially during the summer, Suklang Malayun: the guardian of happy homes. University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 5. Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account; Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu, The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper class travel to the beings's abode in heaven and become stars, Aitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing, Aitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Aitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage, Rirryaw Aitu: place spirit Aitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man, ji Rahet Aitu: a grinning place spirit Aitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Aitu, Nuvwan Aitu: good place spirit Aitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin, ji P'Supwan Aitu: good place spirit Aitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live, Mayavusay Aitu: place spirit Aitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation, Cairn-dwelling Aitu: place spirit Aitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home, Mayuray Aitu: a wandering Aitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred as a kapri, Aitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings, Dayanak Aitu: a type of very small Aitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune, Benita: a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Aitu, which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner; in another story, she was visited by her deceased goddaughter, which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter's soul, Maria: a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Aitu of her husband's relative; the spirit was later appeased through prayers, Juanito: a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father's Aitu, which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half-sister, Maring, Wife of Leoncio Cabading: visited by her deceased husband's Aitu, who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide; the spirit offered her to join him, to which she rejected, Carmen Acido: a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Aitu from ji P'Supwan; she lived to over 80 years old, Balaw: a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Aitus, Maria Barios: a woman whose back-basket was ridden by a wandering Aitu, who she carried until she arrived at the town center, Juan Galarion: a man who saw a giant wandering Aitu, as large as the church of Mahataw; he believed it was a kapri, Tita: a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Aitus; while being carried by the Aitus, she menstruated, which made the Aitus flee; the site where she landed is known as Ranum i Tita, Chief Spirits: may take the form of human beings, former mortals who mix with the living, and reside in bathing places, Anlabban: looks after the general welfare of the people; special protector of hunters, Landusan: responsible for some cases of extreme poverty; like all evil spirits, Landusan can also be countered by the rare tagarut herb-amulet, Alupundan: causes the reapers toes to get sore all over and swell, Arurin: deity who sees to it that the harvest is bad if farmers fail to offer to her a share of the harvest, Dagdagamiyan: a female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done, Darupaypay: devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary, Ginuudan: comes to measure the containers of palay, and causes it to dwindle, Sildado: resembles a horse, and kills children who play noisily outside the house, Inargay: kills people during harvest time; the inapugan ritual of offered to the deity to appease him not to kill anyone, Alipugpug: spirit of the little whirlwind from the burned field, who portends a good harvest, Pilay: spirit of the rice, who resides on the paga, a shelf above the hearth; the pisi ritual is offered to the deity to ensure that children won't get hungry, Unnamed Man: held the world on his hands; produced a spark using a flint and a steel, causing Sal-it (lightning); in contrast, Addug (thunder) is the water roaring in the sky, Man Who Caused Birds to Attack: a man who was aided by birds, by giving him seeds that he was tasked to plant and share with other birds; reneged on his promise, resulting to the never-ending attacks of birds on the seeds planted by mankind, Man Who Hates Flies: a man whose cow was killed by a fly, which resulted into a law that allowed the killing of flies, Bagatulayan: the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world, including the celestial realms, Gomayen: mother of Mabaca, Binongan, and Adasin, Mabaca: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity, Binongan: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity, Adasin: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity, Kadaklan: deity who is second in rank; taught the people how to pray, harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses, Apadel (Kalagang): guardian deity and dweller of the spirit-stones called pinaing, Init-init: the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world, Gaygayoma: the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau, who she married, Takyayen: child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma's last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there, Makaboteng: the god and guardian of deer and wild hogs, Aponibolinayen: mortal spouse of the sun god, Init-init, Aponitolau: mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma, despite him being already married, DumaNig: a demon which possesses the moon (Bolan) and causes her to devour her husband the sun (Ageo), NamBisayunan: the howl or shriek that is heard during a storm, Libo-o d Ngatu: the clouds of the skyworld which cause sickness, Maman: beings derived from a second death of souls in the afterworld; they are perceptible in red light, as on a rainy day near sunset; may cause sickness, Bulaiyao: live in big rocks, hot springs, and volcanoes; have a fiery appearance which they can turn on or turn off; capture or devour souls, Gulilingob ud Tangob: the strongest of all the bulaiyao, Dumabag: the god of the volcano at Balatok, Lumawig: the local god of the Mangali-Lubo-Tinglaiyan district, Angako d Ngato: demons that afflict with sickness, Angtan: goddesses or demons that depress men, bring worry and bad luck, ALan: cannibal or ghoul spirits that figure largely in myths and folktales as carrying away or devouring souls and as producing many kinds of transformations in men and in themselves, Pinading: extraordinary souls of the dead that have attained a superior power and existence, Gittam: a giant who established himself in the realm called Daya after killing many humans; lives in an island out in a big lake, Python of Gittam: protects the habitat of Gittam; swallowed a boy, who was rescued by a hero by killing the giant python, Iyu: water creatures who swim in the lakes of Lagud; depicted as a whale, an eel, a dragon, or, in some cases, a python also called Malaga, Makapangwa: The supreme being also known as "Yafu".