Baldwin himself assumed the regency, but he died only a short while later, leaving the regency to Count Joscelin of Edessa. When Melisende was officially declared the next queen in 1129, Fulk agreed to the marriage. ), to become his heir. Baldwin had become count of Edessa; his cousin, another Baldwin, eventually became king of Jerusalem. Fulk's wealth, connections, and influence made him as powerful as the King of France, according to historian Zoe Oldenbourg. He summoned the high court and demanded that the kingdom be divided between himself and Melisande. It Takes to Cross Red Dead Redemption 2 s Map is 130km square, gta5 Map is, somehow feels. At that time, however, the Christian states of the East regarded the Byzantine Empire as an enemy almost as dangerous as the Muslims, and Fulk of Jerusalem was informed of her action. Eventually, peace was restored and Melisende "retired," though she was called upon to act as regent of Jerusalem for her son when he was on campaign, fighting endless battles to maintain control in the Holy Land. By this time it was clear to Baldwin II that he would have no sons, so he began making preparations to hand over power to his oldest daughter, Melisende, at his death. Her intellect rivals that of Dr. Gero, though she may be even smarter than he was. The nobles would receive land from the king in exchange for their military service. Melisende crushed her husband and the pair reconciled, having another baby in 1136, and they ruled together with relatively fewer problems until Fulks death in 1143. Women held the positions of wife, mother, peasant, artisan, and nun, as well as some important leadership roles, such as abbess or queen regnant.The very concept of women changed in a number of ways during the Middle Ages, and several forces influenced women's roles during this period, while also expanding upon . The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades. Although she supported art and architecture during her rule, Melisende proved to be an ineffective leader. ); became second wife of Count Foulques also known as Fulk V, count of Anjou, king of Jerusalem (r. 11311143), on June 2, 1129 (died 1143); children: Baldwin III (11301162), king of Jerusalem (r. 11431162); Amalric I (11361174), king of Jerusalem (r. 11621174). [16] It is also reported that Queen Melisende mourned greatly after her husband fell off a horse and died in 1143.[7]. [7] She also commissioned the construction of a vaulted complex of shops, including the Street of Bad Cooking. Having little reason to doubt his story, she agreed. Baldwin III, her son, did not like being kept in the background and was eagerly waiting for the moment when he could rule on his own. "I have become so great as I am because I have won men's hearts by gentleness and, Baldwin I (ca. The nobles always had more power in the Holy Land than they had in Europe. The High Court in Jerusalem made sure the new king was elected properly, handed out money to the king, and helped raise armies. In the tumultuous environment of the medieval Middle East, one woman negotiated formidable military and political obstacles to rule the object of so many mens desire: Jerusalem. Usually, sons or male relations took over from the previous ruler, but Baldwin wanted to keep the crown in his family. Jerusalem "Women in the Crusader States: Queens of Jerusalem," in Medieval Women. It was also said that Melisende had hired the deadly Assassins, a group of religious extremists and murderers, and that this so terrified her husband that Fulk never again made any decision without first asking Melisende for her opinion. Of Melisende, William of Tyre wrote "reseditque reginam regni potestas penes dominam Melisendem, Deo amabilem reginam, cui jure hereditario competebat". Between 1136 and 1143, Melisande revealed a talent for leadership and a clear understanding of the importance of patronagemaking gifts of land and title to her supporters in reward for their loyalty. costco return policy ring doorbell (1) diy essential oil perfume spray witch hazel (1) omi hellcat wife (1) how were ancient egyptian slaves punished (1) Search However, it appears that he intended for Melisande and Fulk to be co-rulers; that is, that neither one would be the only reigning monarch, but that they would share power equally. The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise book. After this time, Fulk was careful to include Melisande in every royal act and to consult with her on all matters of state. I can recommend two wonderful books about Melisende of Jerusalem. Melisende was one of the most powerful women on either the Christian or Muslim side during the Crusades, several religious wars in the Holy Land spanning two centuries. It was soon rumored that she wanted to act not as regent, but as a reigning sovereign. ." Nov 30, 2015. While this wasnt believed, tensions between the couple escalated, and in 1134 the couple went to war. Oldenbourg, Zo. She also acted on behalf of her three sisters. Damascus and Jerusalem were on very good diplomatic terms and there was a peace treaty between them. NY: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1989. Melisende died on 11 September 1161. "Powerful, beautiful, indefatigable [unstoppable],, https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/melisande-1105-1161, Hodierna of Jerusalem (c. 1115after 1162). When Bernard died in 1135, the populace of Antioch elected Radulph of Domfront to succeed him; Radulph, who did not support Fulk's authority, assumed the office without waiting for canonical election to confirm his position and immediately began negotiating with Alice, still in Lattakieh. Other Crusader states included the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli. queenwood golf charity auction; how many numbers can you remember test; imm 5532 other financially dependent; luka shorts linerless; crime rate in peterborough uk By 1150, this resentment had broken down their relationship so much that Melisande ceased including Baldwin III's name on official documents. 1058-1118), a Norman known earlier as Baldwin of Boulogne and a chief lay leader of the First Crusade, reigned as king of Jerusalem fr, http://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/topics/women/women-article.html, http://www.medievalcrusades.com/kingsofjerusalem.htm, http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine4.html, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/melisende-0, Hodierna of Jerusalem (c. 1115after 1162). 3. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Thank you so much for your comment and your provocative questions--exploring the connections among and the contacts between women is such a fruitful line of exploration for historians. While the medieval period is not particularly well known for giving women opportunities to rule, two of Melisendes sisters also wielded power in this time: Alice, Princess of Antioch, and Hodierna, Countess of Tripoli, both acted as regents. Though Fulk denied involvement, Melisende was furious about the attack and according to the chronicles of William of Tyre Fulk feared for his life, believing himself threatened by partisans of the queen. Yet to make Fulk only a king-consort would severely limit his effectiveness as a military leader, in an era of constant warfare. Melisende was born in Edessa, a county and city located along the northern boundary of the states the Crusades had established in the Middle East at the end of the First Crusade (109599), a part of modern-day southern Turkey. Tikrit, Iraq Melisende was fourth in the line of rulers of the city and kingdom, but even during her lifetime this arrangement was falling apart. Named heiress of Jerusalem (1128); married (1129); succeeded Baldwin II (1131); rebellion of Hugh of Le Puiset (1134); established convent of Bethany (1138); widowed and was crowned as coruler with son (1143); failure of Second Crusade (1148); endured rebellion of son Baldwin III and division of kingdom (1152); reconciled and co-ruled (11531160); suffered stroke (1160). I'd like to know more, like who tought whom and what? Translated by Anne Carter. Alice found support for her position among several powerful lords, but she still lacked the backing of the people of Antioch, who secretly summoned King Fulk to inform him of Alice's plans. This system was called feudalism, from the Latin word for "fee.". Melisande, though grieving publicly as was expected of her, immediately took the government into her own hands. why did melisende retire from power Product categories. [7] The street (Malquisinat, now the Sq al-Arn/Spice Market)[8][9] was the central and most famous market of Crusader Jerusalem, where merchants and cooks supplied the numerous pilgrims who visited the city with food. Country Music Groups of the 80s ~ T 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. However, Baldwin II also thought that he would have to marry Melisende to a powerful ally, one who would protect and safeguard Melisende's inheritance and her future heirs. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Melisande was acclaimed as a pious and benevolent benefactor; she gave liberally to religious orders and hospitals, and gave generous endowments to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. why did melisende husband limit her power a. Rachel's divorce to her previous husband was not yet complete b. Rachel Jackson previously owned a boardinghouse where she was seen with several men c. Andrew Jackson was physically disfigured while Rachel was beautiful d. Andrew Jackson was decades older than Rachel The actor, who was heavily . Oldenbourg wrote that Fulk had "broken the resistance of his principal vassals on his own domains and paralyzed all attempts at emancipation by the townspeople. Melisende was born in 1105, just after her father had been taken prisoner by the Muslim Turks at the Battle of Harran. Church mediation between mother and son resulted in the grant of the city of Nablus and adjacent lands to Melisende to rule for life, and a solemn oath by Baldwin III not to disturb her peace. Alice unsuccessfully challenged Fulk's right to rule as overlord of Antioch; the final result was that he held the regency in name only, while the city's Patriarch Bernard held actual power. Melisande, instead of being the heiress of Edessa, thus became the heiress to the throne of Jerusalem. Zengi was busy keeping his lands together in Iraq, while the Muslims in Egypt had their own internal battles and rivalries to deal with and left the Crusader states alone. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In 1139 Fulk actually sent a Crusader force to fight with Unur at Damascus against Zengi, their common enemy. Fulk was 16 years older than Melisende and almost immediately attempted to reduce Melisandes future power to queen regent rather than queen regnant. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Muslim warrior and leader Melisendes queenship represented the apogee of royal power in 12th-century Jerusalem. She wrote to Bernard of Clairvaux, the powerful Cistercian abbot, and asked him to preach a new crusade to fend off the Muslims. Eleanor had herself been designated by her father, WilliamX, to succeed him in her own right, just as Melisende had been designated to succeed her father. [1][N 3] However, with the aid of his knights, Fulk excluded Melisende from granting titles, offering patronage, and of issuing grants, diplomas, and charters. complex ptsd hearing voices As for herself, Melisande was infuriated by Fulk's treatment of her and of her cousin Hugh; it was said that for a time Fulk was so afraid of his wife and her barons that he even feared for his safety. Although history records seven different Crusades, there was, in fact, fighting between Muslims and Christians on and off throughout the Middle East from the end of the eleventh to the end of the thirteenth century. Count Baldwin married a wealthy Armenian princess, Morphia of Melitene , with whom he had four children, all daughters: Melisande, the eldest, Alice of Jerusalem , Hodierna of Jerusalem , and Joveta of Jerusalem . [1] Baldwin raised his daughter as a capable successor to himself and Melisende enjoyed the support of the Haute Cour, a kind of royal council composed of the nobility and clergy of the realm. La Marche regnant, ruling in her day and Gendry will be doing fine with why did melisende husband limit her power death. Why Parents Need Emotional Intelligence | Psychology Today Parents reported that balancing homeworking with home-schooling was challenging and that limited time for parental support was a driving factor for why parents reported their children were struggling. He wanted sole authority, yet his grandfathers legacy meant that Melisende had a shared right to the throne. One historian wrote that Fulk's supporters "went in terror of their lives" in the palace. Melisende and her architects gave the church a Romanesque look, a style of architecture with round arches and high ceilings. Monstrous Regiment: Women Rulers in Men's Worlds. The Crusaders were badly defeated at what became known as the Field of Blood, though Baldwin was able to drive these invading Muslim Turks out the following year. Read 220 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. The Vampire Diaries Symbol, Why Did Melisende Husband Limit Her Power, Angela Night Of The Demons Costume, Can I Put Dishwasher Pod In Bottom Of Dishwasher, Josh Parnes Adapthealth, What Happens When A Narcissist Loses In Court, What Does Mod Pizza White Sauce Taste Like, Can Glycerin Suppositories Induce Labor, Nico Bolzico Family Background . (His, In one form or another, she governed from 1131 to 1153, when Baldwin III was twenty-three years old--and insisted that he be given power as sole king, though he had shown no interest at all in governing before that time. When Baldwin became the king of Jerusalem in 1118, he was "encouraged" to put aside his wife, because Morphia had only given him daughters (three at the time) and as a king, Baldwin would, obviously, need a male heir. By that time even King Fulk refused to come to the aid of Antioch, knowing that his army was no match for the well-armed Byzantine troops. Although Melisande has been criticized for agreeing to the partitioning of Jerusalem, she must have thought it preferable to the alternative, which was civil war. When in 1186 a woman actually inherited the crown, her husband was effectively elevated to rule in her place. Tensions were high in 1150 when Baldwin felt he could take on more responsibilities. The first rulers built it up beyond the borders of Jerusalem to include the port cities of Jaffa, Acre, Sidon, and Beirut. [11][16], Though influenced by Byzantine and Italian traditions in the illuminations, the artists who contributed to the Melisende Psalter had a unique and decidedly 'Jerusalem style'. The Court ruled unanimously that a law banning polygamy was constitutional, and did not infringe upon individuals' First Amendment right to free exercise of religion. "Women in the Crusader States: Queens of Jerusalem" in Medieval Women. As the eldest child, Melisende was raised as heir presumptive. You can unsubscribe at any time. Baldwin III died a little over a year later. You might want to see the ongoing project as www.thehope.org. par | Mai 29, 2022 | how would you identify the inside of an oil seal | places to rent for parties in lebanon | Mai 29, 2022 | how would you identify the inside of an oil seal | places to rent for parties in lebanon During the Crusader meeting in Acre in 1148, the battle strategy was planned. Melisande also had the favor of the patriarchs of the church, who were angered at the way Fulk had pushed his wife, King Baldwin II's daughter, out of power. removing someone from private property why did melisende retire from power. It is naive to think that a civil society can run without any power over. Even so, Baldwin thought Melisende would need a husband to protect her status as queen regnant, and he arranged for her marriage to Fulk of Anjou in 1129, which proved to be a bad decision. Women Warriors: A History. In 1144 the Crusader state of Edessa was besieged in a border war that threatened its survival. With Melisande lending support to her sister, Fulk had no choice but to allow Alice to return to Antioch, where she shared the rule with Radulph, until he fell from power after alienating the clergy a short time later. Instead their husband exercised authority through the rights of their wives, called jure uxoris. Melisende enjoyed having power too much to want to share it with her son. What if he had named someone else? Alberto's work compels young people to "think outside the box" - to not accept stereotypes, to take charge of their destinies, to make the change The role of Melisende throughout her rule with her son can also be viewed through the official documents of the kingdom that survive. why were melisende parents important. June 12, 2022 . Like her sisters, Melisande received an education befitting her rank and her parents' wealth. Charter evidence shows that Melisende was excluded from important decisions in the kingdom, and the contemporary English chronicler Orderic Vitalis recorded how Fulk aggravated the local nobility by appointing Angevin strangers to positions of authority. He antagonized the emperor, instead of courting an alliance with him as Alice had done. Knight and duke of Lower Lorraine, leader of the First, The entry is arranged according to the following outline: Women in World History.http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine4.html (accessed on March 30, 2004). But Melisende would not be defeated so easily. american fidelity accident insurance. All Rights Reserved. Baldwin had Melisende, Fulk, and baby Baldwin named as co-rulers at their coronation. The daughter of Baldwin II, the Crusader king of Jerusalem, Melisende followed her father onto the throne, as queen regnant, ruling Jerusalem for more than twenty years, from 1131 until 1153. Name variations: Alais or Alix. what did melisende's husband do to limit her power. In a fractured region and a violent era, one woman secured control of a crusader kingdom. Got it! https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/melisande-1105-1161, "Melisande (11051161) In Jewish lore (both the Talmud and the Kabbalah), Jerusalem is regarded as a female entity and the consort, or the Presence of God (the Shekhina). To rule Jerusalem in this period was a challenge for the most competent of rulers, and this is why the nobility of Jerusalem attempted to persuade Melisendes father, Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem to leave his wife, Morphia of Melitere. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Thus, joint rule was the best possible solution. Eventually, it was decided that Baldwin would rule the north of the Kingdom and Melisende the rest. streets in montego bay, jamaica; joni taylor alabama height; magnum ice cream farmfoods King Fulk was jealous of the friendship Melisende shared with Hugh, Count of Jaffa. Around 1134, the court and barons of Jerusalem took sides between the queen and king in a conflict over the rebellion of the knight Hugh of Le Puiset. The rivalries between husband and wife and between mother and son weakened the kingdom. ophelia_song 5/18/2012. who want to limit the authority of a husband over his wife are seriously mistaken if they think that a husband can expect less compliance from a submissive wife than from an obedient one; the truth is quite the . This was not a good start to their marriage, but in 1130, the pair had their first son, named Baldwin after his grandfather. Although many of Alice's subjects did not want a female ruler and King Fulk had in 1135 tried to make himself regent of Antioch, Melisande negotiated an agreement whereby Fulk remained regent in name, but power was actually shared by Alice and her ally, the new patriarch of Antioch. There was more to Hugh's importance than the gossip about an affair with the queenHugh was Melisande's second cousin and her closest male kin, and thus a natural choice for leader of Melisande's supporters. tanglewood middle school yearbook why were melisende parents important. gigs and tours harry styles; ozuna and karol g kissing; thayers witch hazel original vs unscented [2], Louis VI chose FulkV, Count of Anjou and Main, a renownedly rich crusader and military commander, and to some extent a growing threat to Louis VI himself. Jerusalem had recently been conquered by Christian Franks in 1099 during the First Crusade, and Melisende's paternal family originally came from the County of Rethel in France. Who was able to teleport an item into the chest of his loan shark. Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem (1105-11 September 1161) was Queen of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1153, succeeding Baldwin II of Jerusalem and preceding Baldwin III of Jerusalem. In 1127 messengers were sent to France to make a deal with Fulk, a widower almost twice Melisende's age, who already had an older son. During her reign, the forces of the Muslims made a comeback in the region. Godfrey of Bouillon Protohistory The historian Hugo Buchtal wrote that, There is no account of how Melisende received this gift but shortly after its creation, the royal union appeared stronger than ever. Melisende's father was again captured by the Turks in 1123 and held for ransom. However, Constance refused to remarry, despite the arguments made by both Melisande and Melisande's sister Hodierna, countess of Tripoli. visuospatial activities for adults. why did melisende husband limit her powerlearning italian changes your dna. When Fulk V died in 1143, Melisende became the main ruler, since her son was still an adolescent, or under age. She also placed Manasses of Hierges, a local lord and relative of her husband's, in the powerful role of constable of Jerusalemin effect, making him another ruler. But at Baldwins death in 1131 he made an unusual stipulation: that Fulk, Melisende and their son (also Baldwin) were to jointly inherit the throne. ." Melisende, like her mother, bequeathed property to the Orthodox monastery of Saint Sabbas in Jerusalem. According to feudal law, Antioch should pass to the prince's oldest son, or, in lieu of a male heir, to a daughter. This joint crowning was similar to Melisende's own crowning with her father in 1128, and may have reflected a growing trend to crown one's heir in the present monarch's lifetime, as demonstrated in other realms of this period. In her 40s, she has separated from her husband, her daughter is all grown up, and her motherthe only parent who raised heris dead. Knight and duke of Lower Lorraine, leader of the First, Eleanor of Aquitaine They Are Hostile Nations Analysis, Drive In Cinema Edinburgh 2021, Michigan Basketball Recruiting 2023, Mt Pleasant High School Football Schedule, Demon Language Translator, 0. hotspot connected but no internet iphone 0 Comments Late in 1144, the Christian-held city of Edessa fell to a besieging Muslim army. Khnel, Bianca (1991), "The Kingly Statement of the Bookcovers of Queen Melisendes Psalter". 1204 Due to his young age, she was co-ruler and regent, so in effect she was the sole ruler. hanover county recycling; famous prisoners in marion, illinois; apartment complex idaho falls This alliance between the two most powerful Christian territories set up by the Franks after the First Crusade was considered necessary to protect both from the Muslim armies who sought to regain their conquered lands. After the marriage, Baldwin II began to include his daughter and son-in-law in various acts and charters. Matters came to a head when one of Melisendes close supporters, Hugh of Jaffa, rebelled against the king. Thank you for the resources at the end as well! Baldwin The council decided to split the kingdom between mother and son. A 9-year-old Dallas boy has become the youngest person to die from injuries sustained during a crowd surge at the Astroworld music festival in Houston. Fulk openly and publicly dismissed her hereditary authority. At an assembly called by Melisande in June 1148, the leaders of the Second Crusade decided to attack Damascus, a Christian-friendly city. Fulk lost his nerve and began to cede power back to Melisende. [6], She also appreciated a variety of literary and visual arts due to the artistic exposures she received as a result of her parents' mixed Frankish-Armenian union. a mother's smile poem. While her husband and son sought to take power from her, Melisende was strong in defending herself. This was reason enough for the queen's party to challenge Fulk openly, as Fulk's unfounded assertions of infidelity were a public affront that would severely damage Melisende's position. why did melisende husband limit her power; coachella lineup 2022; chelsea headhunters names; Enter & enjoy it now! Second Temple Period, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, feudal state created by leaders of the First Crusade (see Crusades) in the areas they had wrested from the Muslims in Syr, Zion Page 264, Last edited on 17 November 2022, at 16:42, Abbey of St. Mary of the Valley of Jehosaphat, Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melisende,_Queen_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1122446504. All I know is that Melisande was the patron of the art books of the time and received the exquisite Psalter- and that Eleanor kept a court in Poitier as patron of poets and Romancers and held "a Court of Love". After he died (1143) in a hunting accident, Melisende ruled as queen and regent to her young son Baldwin III. His equally powerful son, Nur al-Din, took over his fight to unite Islam. The purpose of the assembly was to choose a new husband for Constance of Antioch , princess of Antioch and niece to Melisande, who had been ruling alone since the death of her husband Raymond I of Poitiers in 1149. When Baldwin became king of Jerusalem, he moved his wife and four daughters to the holy city. . By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. The queen also supported her sister Alice of Jerusalem's wish to become regent of Antioch. Her actions lost her the support of the Antiochenes, who wanted a strong, adult male warrior-prince to protect Antioch from its enemies. She knew how to make herself obeyed, but she was incapable of turning [her] authority.Her regency [rulership] was marked by military disasters and political errors caused by her inability to rise to a crisis.". There are many reasons why knowing your family history is important. Surviving under a year, he was succeeded by his brother, Baldwin of Boulogne; in 1118, another Baldwin (of Bourcq, Count of Edessa) took the throne as Baldwin II. Wish one could give more information about the relationship between Queen Melisande and Queen Eleanor when the latter (17 years older) stayed in Jerusalem - in the sense of culture-makers. Finally in 1143 she became the sole ruler of Jerusalem, but still faced concerns of the Muslims invading and her son Baldwin III coming of age. We might not ever agree with her methods, but we at least have to agree with her motives. Through what amounted to a palace coup, the queen's supporters overcame Fulk, and from 1135 onwards Fulk's influence rapidly deteriorated. Also in 1157, on the death of patriarch Fulcher, Melisende, her sister Ioveta the Abbess of Bethany, and Sibylla of Flanders had Amalric of Nesle appointed as patriarch of Jerusalem. Melisende's rule was only one of several reasons for this final loss, but the infighting between competing factions (groups) in Jerusalem was a sign of the loss of Crusader unity among these men and women who had come to fight the infidel (one who is not a Christian), and stayed to build a Christian kingdom in Palestine. In 1160, she gave her assent to a grant made by her son Amalric to the Holy Sepulchre, perhaps on the occasion of the birth of her granddaughter Sibylla to Agnes and Amalric. Thus the economy in the Crusader states was based more on business and trade than on farming. But Fulk's right to rule was initially questioned by many lords of the Christian states, since he was not related by blood to the ruling family. buca di bacco meaning. SAVE 50% when you subscribe today PLUS free access to HistoryExtra.com, Save 70% on the shop price when you subscribe today - Get 13 issues for just $49.99 + FREE access to HistoryExtra.com, Melisende of Jerusalem: the queen of a crusader kingdom, Crusader queens: the formidable female rulers of Jerusalem. Melisende still had the most support for her rule. Encyclopedia.com. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978. Gerish, Deborah (2012), "Royal Daughters of Jerusalem and the Demands of Holy War". From 1100 to 1118 he was the ruler of Edessa, a position given to him by his cousin, Baldwin I, who became king of Jerusalem in 1100. William of Tyre, writing on Melisende's 30-year reign, wrote that "she was a very wise woman, fully experienced in almost all affairs of state business, who completely triumphed over the handicap of her sex so that she could take charge of important affairs", and that, "striving to emulate the glory of the best princes, Melisende ruled the kingdom with such ability that she was rightly considered to have equalled her predecessors in that regard".
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