The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. The city of Babylon and the Chaldean Empire was situated in present-day Iraq. Chaldean is an ethnic group that originated in Babylon. This may have some respect to the length of the captivity of the Jews, and their land being in the hands of their enemies for the space of seventy years. https://www.learnreligions.com/the-chaldeans-of-ancient-mesopotamia-117396 (accessed January 19, 2023). Phoenicians History, Religion & Civilization | Who were the Phoenicians? by Nebuchadnezzar II was also an influential moment in Jewish history, as it initiated the Babylonian Exile. The most frequent Chaldean rituals involved astrology and witchcraft. Their coming from afar, and the comparison of the rushing along of the Chaldaean horsemen to the flight of an eagle, points to the threat in Deuteronomy 28:49, "Jehovah shall bring against thee a nation from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth," which is now about to be fulfilled. 12Are You not from (AA)time everlasting,Lord, my God, my Holy One?We will not die.You, Lord, have (AB)appointed them to deliver judgment;And You, O (AC)Rock, have destined them to punish.13Your eyes are too (AD)pure to look at evil,And You cannot look at harm favorably.Why do You (AE)look favorablyAt those who deal (AF)treacherously?Why are You (AG)silent when the wicked (AH)swallow upThose more righteous than they?14Why have You made people like the fish of the sea,Like crawling things that have no ruler over them?15The Chaldeans (AI)bring all of them up with a hook,(AJ)Drag them away with their net,And gather them together in their fishing net.Therefore they rejoice and are joyful.16Therefore they offer a sacrifice to their netAnd [m]burn incense to their fishing net,Because through (AK)these things their [n]catch is [o]large,And their food is [p]plentiful.17Will they therefore empty their (AL)net,And continually (AM)slay nations without sparing? The . Search. The Chaldeans rose quickly to dominance but only held it for a couple of generations before the Persians liberated Babylon from them in 539 BC. In 586 B.C.E., Nebuchadnezzar completely destroyed Jerusalem. Habakkuk's bitter lament (1:2-4), may reflect a time period shortly after the death of Josiah (609 B.C. And during the time of the Roman Empire, Latin Romans enslaved them but eventually their descendants were freed. For lo, I raise up the Chaldeans This is spoken of as a matter of great wonder and astonishment, because the Chaldeans, in the times of Hezekiah, Manasseh, and Josiah, were allies of the Jewish nation, and seemed linked to them in the greatest friendship; so that they had no fear on that side, but all their fear was from the Egyptians. . Sasanid Empire: History, Society & Religion, Akkadian Empire: Facts, Achievements & Fall, The Exodus & Other Movements of the Ancient Hebrew Peoples. The Chaldeans of Ancient Mesopotamia. The Chaldean Empire was centered by the Persian Gulf right above the Arabian Peninsula. Ancient Assyrian Culture & History | Who were the Assyrians? "Chaldean" A Dictionary of World History. [55][56], This article is about Habakkuk, a biblical prophet. The connection between this and push (Nahum 3:18), niphal to disperse or scatter one's self, is questionable. and you will not save?"[22]. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Ewald renders it incorrectly: "the striving of their face is to storm, i.e., to mischief;" for qadm, the east wind, when used in the sense of storm, is a figurative expression for that which is vain and worthless (Hosea 12:2; cf. Vav, in the sense of swimming upon the top, and apparently traces push in Nahum 3, as well as pash in Job 35:15, to Arab. Wherever I look, I see destruction and violence. Therefore the coming of the Chaldeans into the country is spoken of here as a thing entirely new, and as if that people had been called into existence for . Today, there are some still live in Syria and the surrounding rejoins. about literal financial debt, but uses such debt as a metaphor to point to repayment for ill-gotten gains through war (and also uses metaphorically the suddenness by which creditors can . [4] Outside the Bible, he is mentioned over the centuries in the forms of Christian and Rabbinic tradition. Nebuchadnezzar II was his son. New American Standard Bible (NASB). Habakkuk 2:1-20 Permanent Principle - God is a Righteous Judge (Make No Mistake - The Wicked Will Be Punished) . To refresh our memory, God told Habakkuk that He was going to use the most wicked people, the Chaldeans, to teach Judah the importance of remaining faithful to God. While we may not understand why he allows nations to rise and fall, do you at least trust that he knows what hes doing and will make things right? Think of the power players in the world today. The feminine suffix attached to refers ad sensum to the idea of a city (), implied in , the latter being equivalent to in 1 Samuel 6:18; 2 Kings 3:19, etc. The Lord shows him that something else is in store for the Chaldeans (Babylonians)justice: When Habakkuk sees Gods master plan, he can only worship. These verses show us that Babylonians are a subset of Chaldeans. From there, they began to grow, gobbling up chunks of Assyria's holdings. These were no ordinary lot of horses for sure. fss II, dissolvit, dissipavit. In the providence of God delay does not mean denial. Habakkuk couldnt take it anymore. AP World History - Ancient Times: Tutoring Solution, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses. Jesus was here, in this land, Netanyahu said. Because the book of Habakkuk consists of five oracles about the Chaldeans (Babylonians), and the Chaldean rise to power is dated circa 612 BC, it is assumed he was active about that time, making him an early contemporary of Jeremiah and Zephaniah. Habakkuk most probably served his ministry after the appearance of the Chaldeans in world history. For [I will] work a work in your days [Which] you would not believe, though it were told [you.] The prophet Joel (1:6) describes them as being "without number.". A stone upon the grave is inscribed in both Hebrew and Persian stating that the prophet's father was Shioua Lovit, and his mother was Lesho Namit. To judge Judahs wickedness, God says He will hand them over to the Chaldeans: a nation even more wicked, violent, and corrupt. Habakkuk 1:6 For behold, I am raising up the Chaldeans--that ruthless and impetuous nation which marches through the breadth of the earth to seize dwellings not their own. Verses 3339 state that Habakkuk is in Judea; after making some stew, he is instructed by an angel of the Lord to take the stew to Daniel, who is in the lion's den in Babylon. In what way is stated in the last clause, in which does not answer to the relative , in the sense of "he whose power," but is placed demonstratively before the noun , like in Exodus 32:1; Joshua 9:12-13, and Isaiah 23:13 (cf. God first warns Habakkuk that the Chaldean's horses are "swifter than leopards . The fifth-century Christian historian Sozomen claimed that the relics of Habakkuk were found at Cela, when God revealed their location to Zebennus, bishop of Eleutheropolis, in a dream. [51] Elsewhere, the same scholar glossed Habakkuk 3:4, 15 as follows: "The earth shines with his light, and his horses launched into the sea",[52] again interpreting the prophecy to be an allusion to the coming of Muhammad. [28] Archaeological findings in this location include several burial places dated to the Second Temple period. Many introductions are either too simple, not providing all the necessary information, or overly complicated and written at a level out of the reach of an average person with no seminary training. The land known as Canaan was situated in the territory of the southern Levant, which today encompasses Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, Jordan, and the southern portions of Syria and Lebanon. The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. Reed Hepler received an M.L.I.S. The Chaldeans were mentioned long before Chesed was born. Daniel says it best: It is He who changes the times and the epochs;He removes kings and establishes kings (Da 2:21). [30], On the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, his feast day is December 2. Delitzsch (on Job 35:15) derives push in this verse and the passage cited from Arab. Why did the Chaldeans Overthrow the Assyrians? It appears that the Chaldeans ( Kaldai or Kaldi ) were in the earliest times merely one out of many Cushite tribes inhabiting the great alluvial plain known afterwards as Chaldea or Babylonia. II. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Most Chaldeans have left Iraq, primarily for the United States. Nebuchadnezzar frequently led processions to this temple and used religion to legitimize his reign. Parashm are horsemen, not riding-horses. You great city,you mighty city, Babylon!For in a single hour your judgment has come., Your email address will not be published. His name means "embracer." He was prophesying not long before Babylon's first invasion of Judah in 605 B.C. This means it is related to both Aramaic and Arabic. Wonder! When God responds to him in Habakkuk 1:5, what does He tell Habakkuk about what He is doing? The Babylonians built their cities with bloodshed, but their work will be for nothing (Hab 2:1213). The Chaldeans were known for revitalizing the cities of Babylon and Uruk. His horse carries him over water as it carries him over land. Learn Religions, Dec. 6, 2021, learnreligions.com/the-chaldeans-of-ancient-mesopotamia-117396. The Chaldeans comprised three major tribes: the Bit-Yakin, the Bit-Dakkuri, and the Bit-Amukani. From his writing it is also believed he lived in Jerusalem. The Anti-Christ Chaldeans are a worldwide cabal with an enormous army of members. CHAPTER VERSE Habakkuk 1:6 "For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the dwellingplaces that are not theirs." King James Version (KJV) < Previous Verse Next Verse > View Chapter Habakkuk 1:6 Context The Chaldeans are first mentioned in Genesis 11:28, in the compound Ur of the Chaldeans, the birthplace of Abram . He ruled from 605 to 561 B.C.E. Jews originated as an ethnic and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. This initiated religious civil wars throughout the Chaldean Empire. Jewish sources, however, do not group him with those two prophets, who are often placed together, so it is possible that he was slightly earlier than these prophets. 5(J)Look among the nations! The Babylonian armies are also described in the Book of Habakkuk, an Old Testament text penned in the seventh century BC. So Habakkuk pleads with God, asking Him to save Judah from her own wickedness. The Chaldeans of Babylonia were sent into exile to Syria in the Greek period. Babylon occurs 171 times in 150 different verses in Jeremiah. "The Chaldeans of Ancient Mesopotamia." Habakkuk lived around the same time as Jeremiah about 600 years before Jesus was born. The Exilarch said, "Habakkuk the prophet has said this and we do not deny what he said. Many of the most influential writings of Jewish prophets, which are also studied by Christians, were written during this period. And Judah followed Israels example (2 Ki 17:19), so God would bring a similar fate upon them. The final resting place of Habakkuk has been claimed at multiple locations. Also, read about the representation of Chaldeans in the Bible. The term Chaldeans is mentioned again in the book of Daniel when the Israelites were taken into captivity by the Babylonians. Why did Nebuchadnezzar II build the Hanging Gardens? succeed. Why are You silent when the wicked swallow up Those more righteous than they? Habakkuk, to God (Hab 1:13). Ancient Lydian Empire, History & Facts | The Kingdom of Lydia, Hittite Inventions & Technological Achievements. Gill is a Latinist and freelance writer with a longtime focus on the classical world, who has taught Latin and assisted in history classes. Nahum 1:1 reads, "An oracle regarding Nineveh, a writing of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite.". until 538 B.C., when the Persian King Cyrus the Great invaded. God answers Habakkuk Habakkuk had enough and takes his question to God. Like Nahum, Habakkuk foresees Gods judgment on those who oppress other nations and lead them into wickedness. For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the dwellingplaces that are not their's. Matthew Henry Bible Commentary (complete) In this chapter, I. Jesus may not have spoken English but he was certainly quite a linguist. The city is first introduced by the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9; Babylon and Babel are the same in Hebrew). In Habakkuk 1:6 the chaldeans are called a bitter and hasty nation. ZOBOKO.COM EN. [23] Currently, one location in Israel and one in Iran lay claim to being the burial site of the prophet. God will correct Judah. Thus will the Chaldaean continue incessantly to overthrow kings and conquer kingdoms with tempestuous rapidity, till he offends, by deifying his own power. The Canaanites were residents of the Levant (modern-day Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine) during the Bronze Age, starting about 4,000 years ago. Nebuchadnezzar II is known as the greatest king of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia. Scripture: Habakkuk 1:1-3:19. There, the prophet Habakkuk describes the vicious methods for which the . In Judges 18:25; 2 Samuel 17:8, the less concise . 22:13-19). [25] Tradition dating as early as the 12th century AD holds that Habakkuk's tomb is at this location,[26] but the tomb may also be of a local sheikh of Yaquq, a name related to the biblical place named "Hukkok",[27] whose pronunciation and spelling in Hebrew are close to "Habakkuk". We will not die. Habakkuk,[a] or Habacuc,[1] who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. It is derived from Greek, and then from Aramaic, and then from Akkadian. For I will work a work in your days which you would not believe, though it were told you." (Habakkuk 1:5) Instead of finding an internal remedy to social injustice, God points to an external solution. What is the historical back ground for the book of Daniel? Habakkuk 1:6. These people shouldnt be allowed to disregard Gods law. The capture of Jerusalem in 597 B.C.E. Habakkuk 1:15-17:Habakkuk saw the Chaldeans dealing with the Jews like fish being caught in a net and consumed. 1. Ewald, 293, b), pointing back to the strength of the Chaldaean, which has been previously depicted in its intensive and extensive greatness (Delitzsch). Examples of common Chaldean foods include lamb stew and vegetarian stew. In Habakkuk 2:6-20, God is making clear that He will judge the Chaldeans in due time. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The entire book follows the structure of a chiasmus in which parallelism of thought is used to bracket sections of the text. 13. bitterthat is, cruel (Jer 50:42; compare Jud 18:25, Margin; 2Sa 17:8). What is the difference between Babylonians and Chaldeans? They are also not Arabs. The words, it heaps up dust and takes it (the fortress), express the facility with which every fortress is conquered by it. The Chaldeans were coming at "an appointed time." They would come against Judah in God's time. In the Bible, there are many instances where the word Chaldean is used to refer to Babylonians ( Isaiah 13:19; 47:1, 5; 48:14, 20 ). God is in control, and He uses the kingdoms of this world to accomplish His purposes. 6 "For behold, I Nabonidus: This was another ruler who emphasized the importance of religion in Chaldean society. He received a Bachelors in History from USU, with minors in Religious Studies and Anthropology. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. In 2014 in Jerusalem, Pope Francis had a good-natured disagreement about Jesuss language skills with Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister. Another famous occurrence was the Babylonian Captivity, carried out by Nebuchadnezzar II. Who defeated the Chaldeans and conquered Babylon? Gill, N.S. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Underneath the shrine is a hidden basement with three floors. The burial place of Habakkuk is identified by Jewish tradition as a hillside in the Upper Galilee region of northern Israel, close to the villages Kadarim and Hukok, about six miles southwest of Safed and twelve miles north of Mount Tabor. Habakkuk gives Daniel the food to sustain him, and he is immediately taken back to "his place". He rebuilt all of the cities in Babylonia, making Babylon the. Then Habakkuk asks, Why are You silent when the wicked swallow up those more righteous than they (Hab 1:13)? Who Was Herod? He spoke Hebrew., When the three Hebrew childrenShadrach, Meshach, and Abednegowere thrown into a fiery furnace because of their faithfulness to God, King Nebuchadnezzar, came to witness their executionbut he was stunned to see not three but four men in the fireand he recognized that the fourth man in the fire was none other than . Also, when King Belshazzar called them to give him the interpretation of the unknown writing on the wall, they again failed the king, but the Lord made known the interpretation to Daniel and the king (Daniel 5:7, 25-28). . from IUPUI, with emphases in Digital Curation and Archives Management. In His answer, which is directed to the people, God announces the Chaldeans' attack as judgment (chap. Habakkuk's Questions; Chaldean Invasion (Habakkuk 1-2) The book begins with Habakkuk's first question. [40] The figures are arranged around the forecourt and monumental stairway in front of the Santurio do Bom Jesus do Matosinhos at Congonhas.[41]. Does singing Fallen is Babylon sound like good news to you? I feel like its a lifeline. Jeremiah frequently uses the same comparison when speaking of the Chaldaeans, viz., in Jeremiah 4:13; Jeremiah 48:40; Jeremiah 49:22, and Lamentations 4:19 (cf. Daniel was then given the interpretation by God (Daniel 2). Habakkuk, [a] or Habacuc, [1] who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. Later, Israel divided into two kingdoms: the Northern Kingdom kept the name Israel, and the Southern Kingdom was named Judah. In the first chapter, the prophet Habakkuk was upset with God because He had made prophecies regarding where Judah's punishment would come fromfrom the Chaldeans. Habakkuk approached the Lord with a complaint about the evil he observed in the nation of Judah (1:2-4). Discover who the Chaldeans were and what their culture and empire were like. Spoiling and violence within Habakkuk 1:2-4 attract oppression from without. Job 15:2), but not for mischief. The Oracle of Nahum - God is coming for you, Assyria. The Chaldaeans, that bitter - . "Though it tarries, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry." Egyptians Having Raised The Siege Of The Chaldeans, Jeremiah Prophesies The Chaldeans' Certain Return And Victory Requires It Of The Chaldeans, By Promises And Threats Is Shown The Fearful Vengeance By The Chaldeans More. Habakkuk 1 1 This is the message that the prophet Habakkuk received in a vision. Nabopolassar made him the god of the entire Empire to consolidate the religion of his citizens. This was probably added later to clarify Ur from other cities of the same name. AP World History - Foundational Concepts: Tutoring Solution, AP World History - Major Belief Systems: Tutoring Solution, The Last Ice Age: Thawing Ice and New Human Opportunities, Foraging & Pastoral Nomadic Societies: Definition & Characteristics, Neolithic Agricultural Revolution: Causes and Implications, Development of Hierarchical Structures: Chiefs to Emperors in History, Prehistoric Religion and the Early Mother Goddess, The Great Flood and Population Migrations, Villages to Cities: How Cities Were Invented, Walls, Roads & Bronze: Tools of Empire Creation, The Horse and Chariot: Tools of Empire Creation. Required fields are marked *. The word ''Chaldean'' is ultimately derived from the Akkadian word for the culture, ''Kaldu.'' Also, the Chaldean Empire was instituted long before Islam was revealed. These names are used interchangeably in the Old Testament but at the time the prophet wrote, the great nation that frightened all the other nations and ruled as the great tyrant of the world of that day was the Assyrian nation. Learn Religions. When Judah rebelled several times, he put them down violently. The Chaldeans were a Semitic people who lived in southeastern Babylonia. (biblical) A diviner or astrologer. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. In his answer to God, he again expresses his not understanding the ways of God. They were wicked for their strength was their god and they established their own authority and justice by it. The Chaldeans influenced Nebuchadnezzar's decision to throw Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego into the fiery furnace (Daniel 3:8) and were well known as wise men and astrologers during the time of Jewish . Your eyes are too pure to approve evil, And You can not look on wickedness with favor. Who did Nebuchadnezzar throw in the fire? [k]Their horde of (T)faces moves forward.They gather captives like sand.10They (U)make fun of kings,And dignitaries are an object of laughter to them.They (V)laugh at every fortress,Then (W)heap up dirt and [l]capture it.11Then they fly along like the (X)wind and pass on.But they will be held (Y)guilty,They whose (Z)strength is their god.. [9]. The Chaldeans are defined as a proto-Assyrian culture and civilization that affected the formation of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires. The Chaldean civilization. The feud grew, and by the time of Christ, the Jews hated the Samaritans so much they crossed the Jordan river rather than travel through Samaria. Chaldeans were, at times, rulers in BabylonUkinzer, Merodach-Baladan, and Nabopolassar were all Chaldean kings of Babylon, and the two cultures were sometimes referred to interchangeably. Like. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 1974), pp. This post is also available in: Some historians believe that, after Persia conquered Babylon, the term Chaldean was used more often to refer to a social class of highly educated people than to a race of men. MacArthur: Five woes, in the form of a taunt song, were pronounced upon the Chaldeans in anticipation of their eventual judgment. This final prophecy attributed to Habakkuk was also referred to by later scholars like Ibn al-Jawzi and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. For almost every other prophet, more information is given, such as the name of the prophet's hometown, his occupation, or information concerning his parentage or tribe. [5][6], The name Habakkuk, or Habacuc,[b] appears in the Hebrew Bible only in Habakkuk 1:1 and 3:1. Yes, devastation and violence are before me; The Chaldean civilization existed from the ninth to sixth centuries B.C.E. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Glasgow. But most importantly, God will be known in all the earth (Hab 2:14). Habakkuk 1:5-17 In the first chapter, the prophet Habakkuk was upset with God because He had made prophecies regarding where Judah's punishment would come fromfrom the Chaldeans. "[42], Although the Quran only mentions around twenty-five prophets by name, and alludes to a few others, it has been a cardinal doctrine of Islam that many more prophets were sent by God who are not mentioned in the scripture. Related Bible Terms Arphaxad Astrologer Habakkuk Prophecies of Chaldees Obadiah Book of Wise men Merodachbaladan More. Oxford University Press, 2008. Wait There Were How Many Herods?! For behold, I am raising up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, who march through the breadth of the earth, to seize dwellings not their own. Who were the Chaldeans and what were they known for? Who were the Chaldeans? They also practiced magic and astrology. Paul quotes Habakkuk in his letters to the Romans and Galatians when he explains how faith and God's justice work together (Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11). 2:2). Originally from a small part of southern Babylonia near the head of the Persian Gulf, they were an aggressive tribe and completely controlled the country after 625 b.c. But this time, He would discipline them through the Babylonians. Habakkuk ended his dialogue with God bu composing a prayer that could be song as a hymn. "The Chaldeans of Ancient Mesopotamia." The vision was clear, the fulfillment was certain. And gather them together in their fishing net. [53] One further prophecy of Habakkuk which Ibn Qutaybah cited, from extra-canonical Hebraic literature, was "You shall be exceedingly filled in your bows O Praised One (Muhammad). First, we see from Habakkuk chapter 1 that the Chaldeans or Neo-Babylonians21 were already a known power which was on a conquering path. Beyond the Bible, considerable conjecture has been put forward over the centuries in the form of Christian and Rabbinic tradition, but such accounts are dismissed by modern scholars as speculative and apocryphal. The etymology of the name is not clear,[2] and its form has no parallel in Hebrew. He conquered Syria and Palestine and made Babylon a splendid city. Bible Based. Faithlife Study Bible. The Babylonians disgraced the nations around them, but the Lord will disgrace them (Hab 2:1516). The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. (t) "latitudines terrae", Montanus, Junius & Tremellius, Piscator. But Habakkuk doesnt stop at Judahs punishment. [48] For example, the medieval exegete Najm al-Dn al-f (d. 716 AH/1316 CE) provided a commentary on select verses from the Book of Habakkuk, saying the prophet's words "for his rays become light" (Habakkuk 3:4) alluded to the spread of Islam; that his words "his glory comes to town, his power appears in his courts" (Habakkuk 3:4) referred to Muhammad's stay in the town of Yathrib and the help he received there from the ansar; and that his words "death goes before him" (Habakkuk 3:5). The Chaldean states in Babylonia during the 1st millennium BCE. that bitter and hasty nation; a cruel and merciless people in their temper and disposition: "bitter" against the people of God and true religion, and causing bitterness, calamities, and distress, wherever they came: "hasty" and precipitate in their determinations; swift and nimble in their motions; active and vigorous in the prosecution of their designs: which shall march through the breadth of the land; or "breadths of the land" (t); through the whole world, as they were attempting to do, having subdued Syria, all Asia, and great part of Africa, through which they boldly marched, bearing down all opposition that was in their way; or through the breadth of the land of Judea, taking all the fenced cities as they went along, and Jerusalem the metropolis of it; see Isaiah 8:7. to possess the dwellingplaces that are not theirs; the cities of Judea, and houses in them, as well as the palaces and dwellingplaces in Jerusalem, which they had no right unto, but what they got by the sword; what were the legal possessions and inheritances of others from father to son for ages past, these the Chaldeans would dispossess them of; and not only take them, and the spoil and plunder of them, for the present, but retain them in their possession, as an inheritance to be transmitted to their posterity.
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