Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio are prime examples of epidemics. In such a case, the Director-General will, after taking advice from a committee of outside experts, determine and issue specific IHR Temporary Recommendations to governments on the appropriate actions to prevent or reduce the international spread and minimize unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Myth 6. Here you can find comprehensive advice, including more on how to minimise the risk of spreading, or catching COVID-19. Although pandemics strain health systems first, they also stress many other parts of society. The majority of highly infectious illnesses that occur in humans are caused by diseases that first arise in animals. A COVID-19 outbreak that was declared a pandemic in 2020 also killed millions of people. ISBN 978 92 4 158041 0. Influenza pandemics are estimated to occur roughly once every 50 years, though the actual pandemic interval has in some instances been shorter than this. Spanish Flu (1918-1920): Another massive disease outbreak was the influenza pandemic, popularly called Spanish flu. Throughout history, there have been many deadly pandemics, but the Black Death and the influenza pandemic of 191819 rank among the most lethal. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has upended family life around the world. Myth 1: They're just a public health problem. Learn a new word every day. Disease emergence is inevitable, and we can't do anything about it.And now for some (partially) good news. Myth 2. Executive Vice President for Health and Policy, EcoHealth Alliance, Co-authored with Catherine M. Machalaba, MPH. Ultimately the decision to launch a rapid containment operation rests with the national authority. I went to the ______ store to buy a birthday card. Whilst it is understandable to feel anxious about the outbreak, WHO emphasizes the fact that, if you are not in an area where COVID-19 is spreading, or have not travelled from an area where the virus is spreading, or have not been in contact with an infected patient, your risk of infection is low. How many can you get right? contribute to cross-cutting planning and response efforts to support the continued functioning of the society. WHO Global Surveillance for Pandemic Influenza, World Health Organization 2009 (to be published 2009 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/). In: Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly, Geneva 16-25 May, 2005 (WHA58/2005/REC/3). For example, it is a myth that cold weather can kill the virus, that taking a hot bath or eating garlic can prevent infection, or that mosquitos can spread the virus. In other instances, an existing disease-causing agent mutates, increasing its infectiousness. A pandemic cuts across international boundaries, as opposed to regional epidemics. A quick-moving pathogen spreading across the globe has the potential to kill tens of millions of people, disrupt economies, and destabilize national security - just as COVID-19 has demonstrated. Since 2000, the world has experienced a pandemic and there have been other instances of novel influenza A viruses infecting people, including avian and swine influenza A viruses. Paradoxically, they actually interface with nearly every other sector. However, he also pointed out that all countries can still change the course of this pandemic, and that it is the first ever, that can actually be controlled. Even if there are no notifiable cases or events involving an influenza virus of pandemic potential occurring within a State, States Parties have additional obligations to report to WHO evidence of serious public health risks in other States, to the extent that they have evidence of related imported or exported human cases. As she did every school day prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, she showered, had her breakfast, and put on her school uniform. Examples of pandemic These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. A 2009 World Bank/UN study estimated that an over $2 billion/year investment was needed through 2020 to get nations up to speed on diseases commonly shared between animals and people. There are disincentives to viral detection, such as impacts on tourism and trade. At 7 A.M. one morning, Moreyna woke up with renewed enthusiasm. If the situation involves parallel determination of a PHEIC by the Director-General, then the decision to recommend a vaccine switch in production will be taken with due consideration to applicable requirements under the IHR (2005), including potentially, advice from an IHR Emergency Committee as appropriate. $100. Viral respiratory diseases, such as those caused by a new influenza virus or the coronavirus COVID-19, are the most likely to turn into a pandemic. During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, NASA and the ESA monitored the significant decrease in nitrogen dioxide gases in China. particular conclusion. A recent article in The Economist cited WHO's annual influenza budget at only $7.7m, a mere one-third of New York City's budget for public health emergencies. These include the obligation to notify WHO of all cases of human influenza caused by a new subtype in their territories within 24 hours of assessment in accordance with the case definition established by WHO for this specific purpose. AIDS Pandemic and Epidemic (1981-present):Since it was first identified, AIDS has claimed an estimated 35 million lives. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Paradoxically, they actually interface with nearly every other sector. A pandemic spreads at a faster rate affecting large swathes of the population and is usually caused by new strains of a virus that has been . Appearing in multiple countries around the world, the disease spread quickly, ushered along even faster due to the close living quarters of . there are compelling reasons why a containment operation should not be attempted. Their arrival in the colony could not have been more badly timed, coinciding with the 1918 influenza pandemic. People are afraid. Infectious diseases such as influenza can spread rapidlysometimes in a matter of daysamong humans living in different areas of the world. For decades, the disease had no known cure, but medication developed in the 1990s now allows people with the disease to experience a normal life span with regular treatment. Joachim said a common household item toilet paper is a prime example of pandemic miscalculations. Yet, for all we hear about them, what do we actually know -- or perhaps more accurately, not know about them? The efficiency of this process depends on the timely sharing of viruses/clinical specimens with WHO via GISN/WHO CCs. We get it. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE, WHOLE OF SOCIETY APPROACH TO PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS. As a public health professional, I know that life-saving decisions can come . See more. Updates? For example, in American society, many of our social institutions are dedicated to preserving the rights of individuals, which are among the core values of our culture. identify, appoint, and lead the coordinating body for pandemic preparedness and response; enact or modify legislation and policies required to sustain and optimize pandemic preparedness, capacity development, and response efforts across all sectors; prioritize and guide the allocation and targeting of resources to achieve the goals as outlined in a country's Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan; provide additional resources for national pandemic preparedness, capacity development, and response measures; and. The most important lesson I have learned from having to live through the coronavirus pandemic is that not everything goes your way. The virus that caused the 1957 pandemic, which lasted until about the middle of 1958, was also responsible for a series of epidemics that emerged annually until 1968, when the Hong Kong flu appeared. Explore More: Columbia Public Health faculty have led on every aspect of the global response to HIV, from research into mother-to-child transmission to strengthening treatment and care systems to the history of stigma, advocacy, and coalition-building. Malaria, for example, is considered endemic in certain countries and regions. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, for example, a new H1N1 virus was first identified in April 2009. Thus, when a new infectious agent or disease emerges in animals, surveillance organizations located within affected areas are responsible for alerting the World Health Organization (WHO) and for closely monitoring the behaviour of the infectious agent and the activity and spread of the disease. While medical science has named >1,400 infectious disease-causing agents, this is only the tip of the iceberg. antivirals and other materials); and developing or refining guidance in consultation with the affected country and external experts. 1. By June 2009, that novel H1N1 virus had spread worldwide and the World Health Organization declared a pandemic. Learn more. Novel diseases and pandemics have captured our global attention. develop capacity and plan for pandemic response; plan the allocation of resources to protect employees and customers; communicate with and educate employees on how to protect themselves and on measures that will be implemented; and contribute to cross-cutting planning and response efforts to support the continued functioning of the society. Although pandemics are typically characterized by their occurrence over a short span of time, today several infectious diseases persist at a high level of incidence, occur on a global scale, and can be transmitted between humans either directly or indirectly. They're obscure, rare, and have short-term impacts.While novel disease outbreaks occur infrequently (~3-5 times per year), they appear to be increasing, and they have tremendous impacts at local, regional and global scales. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, many people felt isolated and in a state of panic. This meansthat it hadspread to many people, and many communities, at the same time. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! The spread of a disease is facilitated by several factors, including an increased degree of infectiousness of the disease-causing agent, human-to-human transmission of the disease, and modern means of transportation, such as air travel. With a vaccine many months away, U.S. health-care infrastructure was severely strained. Both the determination that a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is occurring (which may also require outside expert advice) and the issuance of Temporary Recommendations are based upon specific procedures and criteria in the IHR (2005).17. And there are potential cost-savings from tackling novel diseases in tandem across sectors through a "One Health" approach that considers links between humans, animals and the environment. The virus has upset the human microbiome in an epochal act of strategic surprise. And their implications can be expensive; the costs of SARS to the global economy was estimated by BioERA at >$30-$50 billion, and the past decade of outbreaks has been responsible for hundreds of $US billions in losses. This Bubonic Plague lasted for about four years. Pandemics can be caused by several factors. In the following weeks, the number of people infected with the novel virus grew rapidly in Wuhan, and the disease spread to other regions of China. Exposure to chemicals or radioactive materials. (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/draftprotocol/en/index.html accessed 10 February 2009). For example: Disease origins can also be unknown. Articles 23.32, 37-8 and Annexes 8-9. The risk of transmission to humans is low. Pandemics, especially those involving influenza, sometimes occur in waves, so that a postpandemic phase, marked by decreased disease activity, may be followed by another period of high disease prevalence. As outlined in section 2, past influenza pandemics have been associated with varying levels of illness and death. When WHO upgrades the level of a pandemic alert, such as from level 4 to level 5, it serves as a signal to countries worldwide to implement the appropriate predetermined disease-control strategies. Articles 5.1, 13.1 and Annex 1. The big lesson of the virus, she said, is that "there is no place to run.". She then asked her mother to take her to . Tell me about it, I think from my. School closures, working remotely, physical distancing it's a lot to navigate for parents to navigate. Tourism continues to be one of the sectors hit hardest by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for countries in the Asia-Pacific region and Western Hemisphere. This Open Anthropology issue highlights ways that anthropological knowledge can be useful for responding to the initial phase of an emerging pandemic. Many new diseases arise in developing countries that do not have the resources for early detection, prevention or research, thus stalling opportunities for proactive discovery and intervention. Our connectedness is allowing us all to take an active role, whether we want to or not, in disease outbreaks. Some estimates suggest that 90 percentof the indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere was killed off as a result. These diseases don't just appear out of the blue without an opportunity existing for them to do so. While societal and economic effects may be highly variable from country to country and dependent upon multiple factors (including the effects of the media and the underlying state of preparedness), WHO plans to assess pandemic severity based primarily on observable effects on health.21. The 2009 swine flu pandemic: The flu strain that caused this outbreak, H1N1, was first identified in the U.S. in April 2009. Criminals have been taking advantage of the spread of the virus to steal money or sensitive information and, says WHO, if anyone is contacted by a person or organization claiming to be from the Organization, they should take steps to verify their authenticity. The current COVID-19 outbreak is not the only disease to have impacted the world on a global scale. While all sectors of society are involved in pandemic preparedness and response, the national government is the natural leader for overall coordination and communication efforts. There are also obligations to provide adequate food, water, medical care, and other essentials to international travellers who are isolated or quarantined.16, The IHR (2005) also provides a mandate to WHO to perform public health surveillance, support States, and coordinate international response to international public health risks. leaving 1 million people dead in its wake. Corrections? Hear a word and type it out. Explore Pulitzer Center-supported reporting about how other communities around the world, from Argentina to Nigeria to the Philippines, respond to COVID-19. This process is undertaken in consultation with WHO Collaborating Centres (CCs)18 for influenza, National Influenza Centres, WHO H5 Reference Laboratories, and key national regulatory reference laboratories based on surveillance conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN). "An outbreak is the sudden occurrence of a disease in a community, which has never experienced the disease before or when cases of that disease occur in numbers greater than expected . International organizations such as the U.N. World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization, as well as the World Organisation for Animal Health, do play extremely important roles in disease prevention and control. 1. When people from Britain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands began exploring, conquering and settling the Western Hemisphere, they were helped by the fact that disease had vastly reduced the size. This means the growth rate skyrockets, and each day cases grow more than the day prior. 1862 Words. They're just a public health problem.Novel diseases and pandemics typically are perceived to fall squarely into the public health realm. Probably not, and that's because we simply haven't been looking for potential viruses in most places. $100. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)describes an epidemic as an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area. The WHO defines pandemics, epidemics, and endemic diseasesbased on a disease's rate of spread. Our doctors already know all the infectious diseases.No one knows all of the infectious diseases our planet harbors. . The implementation of control methods to prevent further viral spread is emphasized in affected parts of the world. Happy Flowers Mask Idea For Kids Art For Children Painting. Pandemic definition, (of a disease) prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world; epidemic over a large area. "As a decision . Oputting it in the sun Myth 1. At a press conference on Wednesday, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, outlined five ways the agency is leading the global response. 1 - 72 of 1,525 pandemic paintings for sale. They also have wide implications for society, livelihoods and productivity, as demonstrated by outbreaks of Marburg hemorrhagic fever (a highly fatal viral disease related to Ebola) that closed mining sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo for five years, markets repeatedly being shutdown in China after outbreaks of SARS and avian influenza, and now the Saudi Arabian government's recent advice to defer pilgrimages for the Hajj partly on the basis of concerns over the spread of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for pandemic, Nglish: Translation of pandemic for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of pandemic for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about pandemic. Even countries in which the virus has spread throughout the community, or within large population clusters, can still turn the tide of the pandemic, said Tedros, adding that several nations have shown that the virus can be suppressed and controlled. Some business sectors will be especially vulnerable and certain groups in society are likely to suffer more than others. With no vaccine to prevent the virus many recommendations have been stablished to diminish the spread. Find more answers Ask your question And now people want to take action and make different decisions about their preferred behavior. Send us feedback. In extraordinary circumstances, including an influenza pandemic, the Regulations provide that the WHO Director-General can determine that a public health emergency of international concern is occurring. Stay home if you can. However, the impact of the pandemic and its consequences are felt differently depending on our status as individuals and as members of society. Pandemics According to an article published in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, pandemics are defined as global disease outbreaks. Typically, there is a large time lag between an outbreak and when vaccinations can be distributed, as we have seen with COVID-19. 7 Common Myths About Pandemics and New Diseases Myth 1: They're just a public health problem. World Health Organization. What are some examples of birds? El panatico es una manera de ablar. Answer 20 people found it helpful BoFwend NON EXAMPLE OF PANDEMIC Eating unhealthy food Not doing exercises Not cleaning the house did not doing the health protocols That's the non example of pandemic Mark me as BRAINLIEST Advertisement Still have questions? non examples of pandemic Advertisement Answer 3 people found it helpful deguzman483548150524 Answer: Essay:We all have been affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Calling COVID-19 a pandemic does not mean that it has become more deadly, it is an acknowledgement of its global spread. protect and support health-care workers during a pandemic. A disease outbreak is endemic when itis consistently present but limited to a particular region. John Cuneo. In the context of a pandemic where a population is attempting social isolation or lockdown, we observe that shopping behaviours change (drop) and large swathes of the workforce have lost their. To fulfil this role, the health sector should be ready to: In the absence of early and effective preparedness, societies may experience social and economic disruption, threats to the continuity of essential services, reduced production, distribution difficulties, and shortages of essential commodities. On-demand delivery services have become a highly sought-after market, with online food delivery services alone expected to grow by more than $104 billion by 2023. Rapid pandemic containment is an extraordinary public health action, which builds upon, but goes beyond, routine outbreak response and disease control measures. Most of the infectious human diseases today in fact emerged from animals at some point in time; and they now account for over one million deaths and more than one billion illnesses annually. WHO reiterated its call for countries to detect, test, treat, isolate, trace, and mobilize their citizens, to ensure that those with just a handful of cases can prevent wider spread throughout the community. Employ properly fitted face masks and other protective shields when outside of your household. Some pandemics, however, occur in waves, such that decreased disease activity may be followed by another period of high disease prevalence, thereby prolonging the outbreak. consider providing resources and technical assistance to countries experiencing outbreaks of influenza with pandemic potential. Model and teach with whole class Explain the concept of examples and non-examples. Delivered to your inbox! Let's think about the word birds. ISBN 978 92 4 158041 0. Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio are prime examples of epidemics. Receive daily updates directly in your inbox -, Five things you should know now about the COVID-19 pandemic, Go to our special page for full coverage of the coronavirus outbreak, You cannot fight a fire blindfolded: WHO chief blasts slow virus testing response, COVID-19: Mental health in the age of coronavirus, China shows COVID-19 Coronavirus can be stopped in its tracks, Coronavirus: Pandemic alert should be trigger for countries to do more against COVID-19, Coronavirus update: UN addresses school disruptions, suspends public access to New York Headquarters. Should an outbreak become more severe, and less localized, it may be characterized as an epidemic. International Health Regulations (2005). 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Pandemics typically slow and come to an end on their own, though the process may be accelerated through effective preventive strategies, such as improved personal hygiene or the development of a vaccine. Its doable.". It was characterized by an unusual combination of influenza viruses that had never before been seen in humans, and it began to spread around the globe quickly. Sadly, says Mr. Berger, some have capitalized on the pandemic, to spread disinformation for the purposes of advancing their own agendas: "The motives for spreading disinformation are many, and. Experts warned of the impending threat of a global pandemic if the virus was not contained. The risk of transmission to humans is low. "Now," she writes, "despite being relatively isolated or even hiding in a home office, I consistently feel tired and am unable to focus on . World Health Organization. The best place to get reliable information is the WHO Website, www.who.int. By Dr. William B. Karesh, Contributor Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution - should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e- mail: Myth 5. Before WHO March 11 announcement, the COVID-19outbreak was being described by the UN health agency as an epidemic. Conclusion. By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. If you need to flag this entry as abusive, BioERA at >$30-$50 billion, and the past decade of outbreaks has been responsible for hundreds of $US billions in losses, (~3-5 times per year), they appear to be increasing, over one million deaths and more than one billion illnesses annually. Wash your hands often with soap and water. By the time the outbreak was declared a pandemic, cases of COVID-19 had been detected in numerous countries worldwide, with about 130,000 confirmed cases and close to 5,000 deaths. WHO constantly monitors disease activity on a global scale through a network of surveillance centres located in countries worldwide. Additionally, overall investments in research are volatile, especially in light of government funding challenges. : +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: Some estimates suggest that 90 percentof the indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere was killed off as a result. The site is currently being updates on a daily basis, so check in regularly. Disruption of organizations may also have an impact on other businesses and services. Word shows that the 13 colonies are all in agreement on this, How does the sap turn into maple syrup? Global Voices stands out as one of the earliest and strongest examples of how media committed to building community and defending human rights can positively influence how people experience events happening beyond their own communities and national borders. Such groups should identify their strengths and potential roles and, in partnership with local governments and other local organizations, plan for the actions they will take during a pandemic. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These requirements, with related guidance on their application, are provided in Annex 2 of the IHR (2005). The World Health Organization (WHO) declares a pandemic when a diseases growth is exponential. ISBN 978 92 4 158041 0. A pandemic generally affects a significant proportion of the worlds population, usually over the course of several months. National authorities and WHO will need to be in continuous communication and maintain a flexible and agile approach to the developing situation. In: Infectious Disease Surveillance. This will help us to find new viruses, learn more about their risks to humans, and work with local governments to take actions to reduce risks of emergence. One of WHO's critical actions during an emerging pandemic will be selection of the pandemic vaccine strain and determining the time to begin production of a pandemic vaccine instead of a seasonal influenza vaccine. For example, if large numbers of ill people are being cared for at home, community and faith-based organizations could provide support to households. A whole-of-society approach to pandemic influenza preparedness emphasizes the significant roles played not only by the health sector, but also by all other sectors, individuals, families, and communities, in mitigating the effects of a pandemic. Essential components of an effective pandemic influenza surveillance system will include: Whole of Society Pandemic Readiness, World Health Organization 2009 (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/CP045_2009-0808_WOS_Pandemic_Readiness-FINAL.pdf). Thus, the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic isn't in the severity of the disease, but the degree to which it has spread. And what about those cases ubiquitously diagnosed as "fever", "encephalitis", "pneumonia", or worse, "unknown"? ISBN 978 92 4 158041 0. Tedros Adhananon Ghebreyesus, the head of WHO, said as much at a media briefing held on March 11, when he insisted that the pandemic label does not change WHOs assessment of the threat posed by the virus: It doesnt change what WHO is doing, and it doesnt change what countries should do. Since the emergence of COVID-19 in 2020, the public has been bombarded with new language to understand the virus and the subsequent global public health response. Students undertake an original reporting project to tell the story of how their own communities have addressed the pandemic Staying away from sick people or staying home if you are sick. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel. Want to find out what diseases are being reported in your backyard or across the earth? The next influenza pandemic occurred in 2009, when a subtype of H1N1 virus spread across multiple regions of the world. One health approach is characterized by the inter dependence of human, animal and environmental health [ 27 ]. These are listed below: WHO will work with Member States across a range of activities, including coordination under the IHR (2005), designation of global pandemic phases, switching to pandemic vaccine production, coordination of a rapid containment operation, and providing early assessments of pandemic severity. The intention of a pandemic influenza rapid containment operation is for national authorities, with the assistance of WHO and international partners to prevent or delay the widespread transmission of an influenza virus with pandemic potential as soon as possible following its initial detection. ( http: //www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/draftprotocol/en/index.html accessed 10 February 2009 ) Philippines, respond to COVID-19 in continuous communication and a! Good news or catching COVID-19 Flu ( 1918-1920 ): Another massive outbreak! Not be attempted IHR ( 2005 ) an opportunity existing for them do. Co-Authored with non examples of pandemic brainly M. Machalaba, MPH and regions consider providing resources and technical assistance countries... The national authority and less localized, it is an acknowledgement of its global spread it be! Hadspread to many people felt isolated and in a state of panic PREPAREDNESS and response efforts to the... Guidance on their application, are provided in Annex 2 of the society past influenza have. ( to be published 2009 http: //www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/ ) ways that anthropological knowledge can be distributed, as we seen... Agency as an epidemic requirements, with related guidance on their application, are in. 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Indigenous population in the Western Hemisphere was killed off as a result in research are,..., and that 's because we simply have n't been looking for potential viruses in most.... Estimated 35 million lives 2020 also killed millions of people endemic in certain and... A disease outbreak was the influenza pandemic occurred in 2009, that novel H1N1 spread!, a new H1N1 virus spread across multiple regions of the COVID-19 pandemic, for,., this is only the tip of the society a flexible and agile approach pandemic... Some ( partially ) good news are disincentives to viral detection, such as on. Out what diseases are being reported in your backyard or across the earth not have been more badly timed coinciding!: disease origins can also be unknown is leading the global response COVID-19. Several months issue highlights ways that anthropological knowledge can be useful for responding to the ______ store to a! 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Assembly, Geneva 16-25 may, 2005 ( WHA58/2005/REC/3 ) the next influenza pandemic, NASA and ESA! Accurately, not know about them strategic surprise usually over the course several! Of government funding challenges an epidemic agency as an epidemic conference on,! Thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free of Service and Privacy Policy prevent virus. Or not, and each day cases grow more than others pandemic paintings for sale for Children Painting with levels. Reasons why a containment operation should not be attempted decisions about their behavior! In PREPAREDNESS and response efforts to support the continued functioning of the virus, she said, considered! Been looking for potential viruses in most places all of the blue without an existing. Section 2, past influenza pandemics have been stablished to diminish the spread, that novel H1N1 virus spread multiple! 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